Nearly all rocks are composed of one or more minerals 6. Igneous rocks and processes revised on 102011 page 5 of 10 finegrained or aphanitic. Describe the properties of sedimentary rock stare 3 properties of igneous rocks explain the processes if rock formation state what a mineral is state the 4 stages of making sedimentary rock give examples of metamorphic and igneous rock describe what the process of uplift lesson 5 in the night sky be able to. Igneous textures the texture of a rock is a result of various processes that controlled the rock s genesis and, along with mineralogy and chemical composition, provides information that we may use to interpret the rock s origin and history table 3. The felsic minerals include quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, feldspars plagioclase and alkali feldspar, feldspathoids nepheline and leucite, muscovite, and corundum. The classification for igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and pyroclastic rocks is shown on figures 41, 42, 43, and 44, respectively.
Igneous rocks are classified by texture and chemical. Types of rocks and their properties pdf download geography the earths crust is composed of rocks. The inside of the earth is very hot hot enough to melt rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when rock changes over a period of time due to a lot of physical changes like pressure, heat and different chemical activity.
In practice, this means that the average dimension of the crystals is less than 1 millimeter. Physical properties of rocks, volume 8 1st edition. Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals. Pdf statistical analysis of mechanical and physical. Teacher notes if your students have completed the plate tectonic units on volcanoes, they should be familiar with different volcanic environments. Chapter 4 engineering classification of rock materials. The magma can cool below the earths crust, or erupt as lava and cool on the earths surface. Common igneous rocks in mount rainier national park. The properties of these rocks vary greatly, including their chemical composition, grain structure, texture and color. As molten rock called magma below the surface cools, the liquid cloth starts to solidify into minerals of differing sizes and compositions.
The main minerals in igneous rocks are hard, primary ones. Diorite, granite, pegmatite are examples of intrusive igneous rocks. Types and physical properties of igneous rocks of popov island in. Characterized by a wide range of chemical compositions, with high temperature, and properties. The prime characteristics of igneous rocks used for identification purposes are color and size of crystals.
Very common mineral in metamorphic and igneous rocks. James brophy, indiana university introduction in the following chapters we will find that nearly all of the varied aspects of volcanism are either directly or indirectly controlled by the chemical composition of magma and the rate at which it cools and. Igneous rocks comprise such types as the common granites which formed from tremendously. Magma is a mixture of liquid rock, crystals, and gas. An investigation of the properties of rocks and minerals will use samples of multiple different rocks and minerals. Igneous rocks are one form of rocks commonly found on the earth. Not only that, but they have many uses in building, medicine, and other industries. One of the modern finishing materials for building construction is igneous rock. Chapters 6 and 7 give examples of microtextures for igneous and metamorphic rocks, respectively. A student found a sample of a solid material that was gray, shiny and made of all the same material. The five physical properties of rocks are color, luster, shape, texture and pattern. In this sense, igneous rocks are formed when molten rock magma solidifies either underneath the earth crust to form plutonic intrusive igneous rocks or on the surface of the earth to form volcanic extrusive igneous rocks.
Ii occurrence, texture, and classification of igneous rocks gezahegn yirgu encyclopedia of life support systems eolss summary in this article, the manner in which igneous rocks occur in nature is introduced, followed by a discussion of the general textural features and appearance of these rocks. Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and peridotite. Chapter 4 engineering classification of rock materials 631. The student will create a model of how metamorphic rocks are formed. Each rock group is further subdivided into subgroups that are defined by the mode of origin of the rocks. A workbook is a symbiosis of a brief description of physical fundamentals of rock properties based on typical experimental results and relevant theories and models with a guide for practical use of different theoretical concepts. Formation, classification, and identification of igneous rocks next. The next three deal with the criteria for establishing the order of crystallization in igneous and metamorphic rocks, a topic which is rather underplayed in other texts on mineral textures.
Diorite was used extensively by ancient civilizations for vases and other decorative artwork and is still used for art today figure 1. For this purpose a companion web site contains a selection of model based equations in excel worksheets for practical application and. Pdf prediction of mechanical properties of igneous rocks. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Petrography and engineering properties of igneous rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling and crystallization of molten rock magma. This title dives deep into the properties, types, formation, and uses of igneous rocks. Igneous rocks west virginia geological and economic survey. Intrusive rocks, in general, have density 150200pcf their compressive strength ranges form 330 psi100. Classification of rocks and description of physical properties of rock introduction uniformity of definitions, descriptors, and identification.
These underrated rocks make up more than half of earths crust. When sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks go through the physical process such as pressure exposure, heat changes, and tectonic plate movement at plate edges. Each of these is introduced simplistically below, and then further explored in other pages of the site. Before the unit begins, students will collect a pet rock to use throughout the unit, especially in arc 1 and 2, to learn about rocks and minerals. How they were formed a igneous formed from melting and solidification of magma. The major mineralogical components of igneous rocks can be divided into two groups. A magma consists mostly of liquid rock matter, but may contain crystals of various minerals, and may contain a gas phase that may be dissolved in the liquid or may be present as a separate gas phase. Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below earths surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form. Grade 4 standard 3 unit test a earth materials multiple choice 1. They are created when hot magma from deep within the earth cools and hardens.
One important use is as stone for buildings and statues. This study was focused on determining the relationships between mechanical and physical properties of igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are formed through the crystallization and solidification of magma. Broadly igneous rocks are divided in two categories 1 extrusive rock 2 intrusive rocks. Granite figure 2 is used both in building construction and for statues. Igneous rock derived from the latin word ignis meaning fire, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks igneous rocks form by cooling and crystallization of molten rock molten material residing below earths surface is known as magma, whereas the same material at the surface is called lava. Abstract engineering properties of igneous rocks are the characteristics of the rocks mass. Igneous rocks rocks ks3 chemistry revision bbc bitesize. Igneous rocks are formed from molten rock that has cooled and solidified. General basis of classification of rocks rocks, as a whole, are divided into three classes. This type of rock is classified by cooling time and the type of magma it is. Igneous rocks pictures of intrusive and extrusive rock types.
The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planets mantle or crust. Petrography the branch of geology dealing with the description and systematic classification of rocks, especially by microscopic examination of thin sections. Igneous textures the texture of a rock is a result of various processes that controlled the rocks genesis and, along with mineralogy and chemical composition, provides information that we may use to interpret the rocks. Grade 4 standard 3 unit test a earth materials multiple. Extrusive igneous rocks tend to cool much more rapidly, and the minerals grow quicker and can not get as large. Igneous rocks types, classification, properties, formation. Igneous rocks that crystallize slowly beneath the earth s surface, typically have visible individual minerals. An igneous rock or a part of an igneous rock with a finegrained or aphanitic texture has crystals, but they are too small to recognized with the unaided eye. On the basis of mode of formation the rocks are divided into three categories.
The two bestknown igneous rock types are basalt and granite, which have distinctly different compositions and textures. Igneous rocks that cooled on the surface are termed extrusive. An introduction to igneous rocks requires exploration of three core ideas. The color of a rock describes the hue or tone of the rock. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Even though it has very high silica content, the refractive properties of the.
Metamorphic rocks types and properties of metamorphic rocks. During a rock wall scavenger hunt, students begin to explore rocks in an. The properties of rock fall into two broad classes. Igneous rock, also known as volcanic rock, is formed by the cooling of magma or lava. Rocks are classified into three distinct groups igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic and each is discussed in a separate section.
Pdf types and physical properties of igneous rocks of popov. This reader emphasizes how all igneous rocks are formed and explores how the formation is related to igneous rock classification. Types of rocks and their properties pdf download geography. In this unit, students will learn about rocks and minerals as well as processesthat shape the earth.
Arc 1 focuses on learning about rocks and minerals and their properties. Igneous rocks are divided into two groups, intrusive or extrusive, depending upon where the molten rock solidifies. Microtextures of igneous and metamorphic rocks pdf free. Understanding igneous rocks and the minerals of which they are comprised are. Igneous rocks form when magma, molten rock, rises upward. The student will create a story using facts about igneous rocks. Igneous rocks from the greek word for fire form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. Parent material of igneous rocks forms from partial melting of rocks magma at surface is called lava general characteristics of magma general characteristics of magma. The student will identify properties of minerals and be able to identify certain minerals using specific tests.
Occurrence, texture, and classification of igneous rocks. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma molten materials in the earths crust. How igneous rocks are made, 2 groups, examples slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The student will describe how an igneous rock is formed. Color of igneous rocks may be light or dark, whereas the crystal size is either small or large, based on how crystallization process takes place. Those minerals listed in capital letters are most likely to be. Introduction to igneous rocks an igneous rock is any crystalline or glassy rock that forms from cooling of a magma. Igneous rocks originated through solidification of molten material either at or below the surface. The melt originates deep within the earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface. What are engineering properties of igneous rock answers. Its the first thing you learn in a geology class very briefly the three types of rocks are igneous they form from the cooling of magma deep inside the earth. This type of rock is classified by cooling time and the type of magma it is formed from.
Igneous rocks are fashioned deep internal earths crust intrusive rocks or on the floor extrusive rocks. These rocks crystallize below the earths surface resulting in large crystals as the cooling takes place slowly. Ppt engineering properties of igneous rock nebeokike. Black, red, green or blue may be used to describe the color. Igneous rocks form as molten rock cools and solidifies general characteristics of magma.